The “How” Question: Building Competitive Advantage with Seven Powers

Once you know who you’re serving, where you’ll grow, and what value you provide, it’s time to address one of the most strategic questions of all: how. How will you create a competitive advantage that’s difficult to replicate? How will you ensure that your organization’s value stands out and supports sustainable growth?

To answer the “how” question in a practical, powerful way, we can turn to the framework of “Seven Powers” by Hamilton Helmer, a renowned strategist. Helmer’s Seven Powers help companies build and sustain a competitive edge. By choosing one or more of these strategic powers, you can create a roadmap that aligns with your mission, leverages your strengths, and protects your value from competitors.


1. Scale Economies

Power: Scale economies refer to cost advantages gained as production scales up. The more you produce, the lower your per-unit cost, allowing you to offer competitive pricing or reinvest in other areas.

How to Use It: If you’re in a market where scale can drive down costs, focus on growing your volume early. This may involve investing heavily in technology, operations, or supply chain efficiencies that allow you to reduce costs as you grow. Industries like manufacturing, retail, and logistics often rely on scale economies to maintain a competitive edge.

Example: Amazon is a classic example of using scale economies. Its massive distribution network allows it to fulfill orders at lower costs than smaller competitors, which reinforces its ability to offer fast, low-cost delivery.

Key Takeaway: To leverage scale economies, focus on building operational efficiency, investing in technology, and expanding capacity. The key is to grow big enough to enjoy a cost advantage that’s hard for others to match.


2. Network Economies

Power: Network economies occur when the value of your product or service increases as more people use it. This creates a “network effect” where being part of a large user base adds value for every individual user, making it harder for competitors to attract them.

How to Use It: If your business model allows for network effects, encourage rapid adoption by users and build strong connections between them. For instance, you could focus on features that help users connect, share, or collaborate, increasing the product’s value with every new user.

Example: LinkedIn leverages network economies by creating a platform where users benefit from having a large professional network. The more people join, the more valuable LinkedIn becomes for finding jobs, sharing industry insights, and networking.

Key Takeaway: To maximize network economies, design a product that gets better with more users. Focus on community-building and increasing engagement among your user base.


3. Counter-Positioning

Power: Counter-positioning means introducing a product or business model that existing competitors can’t adopt without undermining their own success. This requires offering something truly distinct that’s hard for incumbents to emulate.

How to Use It: To use counter-positioning, analyze the weaknesses of established competitors and identify a way to offer something fundamentally different. It might be a unique product feature, a more transparent pricing model, or a customer experience that redefines industry expectations.

Example: Netflix used counter-positioning to disrupt the traditional movie rental market dominated by Blockbuster. Netflix’s subscription-based, on-demand model was something Blockbuster couldn’t easily replicate without harming its retail business, giving Netflix an edge.

Key Takeaway: Counter-positioning works best when you can identify a competitor weakness and create a model that customers love but your rivals can’t adopt without sacrificing their core strengths.


4. Switching Costs

Power: Switching costs are the obstacles customers face when switching from one provider to another. When switching costs are high—whether due to time, money, or complexity—customers are more likely to stay loyal, giving your company a competitive advantage.

How to Use It: To create high switching costs, focus on making your product deeply integrated into customers’ workflows or daily lives. This can involve unique data storage, proprietary tools, or personalized features that would be difficult to transfer elsewhere.

Example: Apple’s ecosystem is a great example of switching costs. Users invested in Apple devices, iCloud storage, and apps have a harder time moving to a different operating system, which encourages long-term loyalty.

Key Takeaway: To leverage switching costs, build an ecosystem of products and services that create value when used together, making it less attractive for customers to leave.


5. Branding

Power: Branding is a unique kind of power because it creates loyalty and perceived value based on customers’ emotional connection with the brand, rather than on product features alone. A strong brand makes customers choose your product even when similar alternatives exist.

How to Use It: To build a powerful brand, focus on creating a consistent, memorable identity that resonates emotionally with your audience. This includes everything from visual identity to customer experience to aligning with values that your target market cares about.

Example: Nike is a master of brand power, connecting with customers through its “Just Do It” ethos and its emphasis on athleticism, empowerment, and personal achievement. The Nike brand creates loyalty that extends far beyond product quality.

Key Takeaway: Invest in branding by defining a unique brand voice, values, and customer experience. Build an emotional connection with your audience that makes them choose your brand over others, even when competitors offer similar products.


6. Cornered Resource

Power: A cornered resource means having exclusive access to a valuable asset that competitors can’t easily acquire. This could be a patent, exclusive distribution rights, or a unique talent pool.

How to Use It: If you have access to a unique resource, leverage it to create something others can’t replicate. Protect it legally, if possible, and use it to develop offerings that provide unmatched value.

Example: Pharmaceutical companies often corner resources by patenting new drugs. During the patent period, they have exclusive rights to sell the drug, giving them a competitive advantage that others can’t legally imitate.

Key Takeaway: If you have access to a valuable, hard-to-acquire resource, focus on maximizing its potential. Protect your advantage and use it to build offerings that competitors can’t replicate.


7. Process Power

Power: Process power comes from developing unique processes or workflows that give you a substantial advantage in cost, quality, or customer experience. These processes become core to your company’s success and are difficult for competitors to replicate without significant investment or change.

How to Use It: To build process power, focus on creating proprietary workflows that improve efficiency, quality, or customer experience. This could involve automation, a unique training program, or a specialized production method that others can’t easily adopt.

Example: Toyota’s Lean Manufacturing system is a famous example of process power. Toyota’s commitment to continuous improvement and quality control in manufacturing gave it a significant advantage in production efficiency, reliability, and cost.

Key Takeaway: Develop proprietary processes that make your business more effective or efficient. Focus on refining these processes over time, so they become ingrained in your organization and hard for competitors to copy.


Bringing It All Together: Choosing Your Competitive Powers

The “how” question in strategy is about choosing which of these powers (or combinations of powers) will support your long-term growth. Most companies won’t use all seven; instead, they focus on one or two that align with their mission, market, and strengths. Here’s how to apply these powers to create a sustainable competitive edge:

  1. Assess Your Unique Strengths
    Identify where you currently excel or have the potential to gain an advantage. Are you already building a brand people love? Are you in an industry where network effects or economies of scale are achievable?
  2. Prioritize Powers That Support Your Mission
    Choose the powers that best align with your mission and goals. If you’re a tech company focused on connectivity, network economies might be your priority. If you’re a retail business with unique sourcing, consider building power around branding and cornered resources.
  3. Develop Your Chosen Powers
    Once you’ve identified your key powers, focus your energy on building and reinforcing them. This may involve investing in technology to achieve economies of scale, building community for network effects, or developing a unique brand identity that drives loyalty.
  4. Adapt Over Time
    Competitive advantage isn’t static. As markets evolve, continue to refine and strengthen your chosen powers, and stay open to new opportunities for differentiation.

Final Thoughts: Why “How” Matters

The “how” question is about more than just a plan—it’s about building a competitive edge that others can’t easily copy. By using Helmer’s Seven Powers as a guide, you can create a strategy that strengthens your organization’s unique value and ensures sustainable success.

Answering “how” thoughtfully sets your organization apart and gives your team a clear path to building lasting impact and resilience in a competitive market.